{"id":7450,"date":"2026-04-17T12:34:53","date_gmt":"2026-04-17T12:34:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/how-to-improve-results-on-difficult-materials-with-an-ultrasonic-gauge\/"},"modified":"2026-09-30T13:38:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T13:38:10","slug":"how-to-improve-results-on-difficult-materials-with-an-ultrasonic-gauge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/how-to-improve-results-on-difficult-materials-with-an-ultrasonic-gauge\/","title":{"rendered":"How to improve results on difficult materials with an ultrasonic gauge"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not all materials are easy to measure with the ultrasonic technique. <strong>Cast irons, composites, thick plastics, coarse-grained alloys, glass fibre, elastomers<\/strong> show attenuation, scattering and grain noise that can make measurement unstable or impossible with a standard instrument and probe. This guide summarises the technical strategies for obtaining reliable results even on the most difficult materials, using dedicated Dakota NDT instruments and probes. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"387\" height=\"252\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_PMX-High-Penetration-Thickness-Gauge_immagine_hero_presentazione_prodotto.jpg?resize=387%2C252&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Dakota PMX4-DL High Penetration for difficult materials\" class=\"wp-image-236\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_PMX-High-Penetration-Thickness-Gauge_immagine_hero_presentazione_prodotto.jpg?w=387&amp;ssl=1 387w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_PMX-High-Penetration-Thickness-Gauge_immagine_hero_presentazione_prodotto.jpg?resize=300%2C195&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What makes a material &#8220;difficult&#8221;<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A material is considered difficult for ultrasonic measurement when it shows one or more of the following characteristics:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>High attenuation<\/strong>: the ultrasonic signal rapidly loses energy inside the material, the return echo is weak or absent<\/li>\n<li><strong>Coarse crystalline grain<\/strong>: inclusions or grain inhomogeneities (&gt;0.1 mm) generate spurious reflections (grain noise) that mask the back wall echo<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anisotropy<\/strong>: the speed of sound varies with direction (typical of fibres and composites)<\/li>\n<li><strong>High acoustic impedance<\/strong>: difficult coupling between probe and material<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non-standard temperatures<\/strong>: the speed of sound varies with temperature<\/li>\n<li><strong>Irregular or rough surfaces<\/strong>: they disturb the acoustic contact<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light popmake-4066 popmake-739\" style=\"border-width:1px;min-height:250px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"250\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-727 size-full\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/banner_technical_support_choose_products.png?resize=1200%2C250&#038;ssl=1\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/banner_technical_support_choose_products.png?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/banner_technical_support_choose_products.png?resize=300%2C63&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/banner_technical_support_choose_products.png?resize=1024%2C213&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/banner_technical_support_choose_products.png?resize=768%2C160&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-30 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#d3d6dc\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-cover-is-layout-15701bb7 wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-ti-fg-color is-style-default has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:clamp(21.536px, 1.346rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.374), 35px);\"><strong>Need help choosing the right product?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-right is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-b507c051 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button popmake-4066 popmake-739\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ti-accent-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\">Contact us<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Typically difficult materials<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Grey cast iron<\/strong>: lamellar graphite scatters the signal, variable velocity 5000-5600 m\/s<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ductile cast iron<\/strong>: better than grey but still attenuating<\/li>\n<li><strong>High-alloy steels<\/strong>: complex microstructure (Inconel, Hastelloy, duplex)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bronzes and brasses<\/strong>: coarse grain in castings<\/li>\n<li><strong>Glass fibre composites (GFRP)<\/strong>: strong attenuation, variable velocity<\/li>\n<li><strong>Carbon fibre composites (CFRP)<\/strong>: pronounced anisotropy, requires dedicated probes<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thick plastics (HDPE, PP, PTFE)<\/strong>: low velocity 2000-2400 m\/s and attenuation increasing with thickness<\/li>\n<li><strong>Elastomers and rubbers<\/strong>: hard to measure beyond a few millimetres<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cement, concrete, granular materials<\/strong>: not measurable with the standard technique<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategy 1: choose the right instrument<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dakota NDT offers instruments specifically designed for difficult materials:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/products\/thickness-gauges\/dakota-pmx4-dl-high-penetration-gauge\/\">Dakota PMX4-DL<\/a> (High Penetration Thickness Gauge): designed specifically for materials with high attenuation, coarse grain and substantial thicknesses<\/li>\n<li><strong>CMX series<\/strong> (CMX1-DL\/CMX3-DL): they offer <strong>TDG (Time Dependent Gain)<\/strong> built into the transducer list for attenuating materials<\/li>\n<li><strong>FX series<\/strong> (FX70-DL\/FX81-DL): flaw detectors with automatic <strong>TCG (Time Corrected Gain)<\/strong> and adjustable damping for noisy materials<\/li>\n<li>For cast iron, prefer instruments with <strong>A-Scan<\/strong> to interpret the signal (CMX1-DL or higher)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategy 2: choose the right probe<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"387\" height=\"252\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-immagine_di_sonde_alta_frequenza_con_delay_line_ad_ultrasuoni.jpg?resize=387%2C252&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Ultrasonic probes specific for difficult materials\" class=\"wp-image-240\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-immagine_di_sonde_alta_frequenza_con_delay_line_ad_ultrasuoni.jpg?w=387&amp;ssl=1 387w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-immagine_di_sonde_alta_frequenza_con_delay_line_ad_ultrasuoni.jpg?resize=300%2C195&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lower frequencies<\/strong> (1-2 MHz): they penetrate attenuating materials better, at the cost of lower resolution<\/li>\n<li><strong>Larger diameter probes<\/strong>: they collect more return energy and are more stable on rough surfaces<\/li>\n<li><strong>Probes with delay line<\/strong>: useful for measuring thin thicknesses and for more stable coupling<\/li>\n<li>Dedicated <strong>high-temperature probes<\/strong> for measurements on hot materials (up to 500 \u00b0C on some models)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dual element probes<\/strong>: better than single element on corroded and irregular surfaces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategy 3: effective acoustic coupling<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-immagine_con_sonda_ad_ultrasuoni_e_liquido_accoppiante.jpg?resize=1500%2C900&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Measurement on a machined part with couplant\" class=\"wp-image-238\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-immagine_con_sonda_ad_ultrasuoni_e_liquido_accoppiante.jpg?w=1500&amp;ssl=1 1500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-immagine_con_sonda_ad_ultrasuoni_e_liquido_accoppiante.jpg?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-immagine_con_sonda_ad_ultrasuoni_e_liquido_accoppiante.jpg?resize=1024%2C614&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-immagine_con_sonda_ad_ultrasuoni_e_liquido_accoppiante.jpg?resize=768%2C461&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Quality couplant gel<\/strong>: choose a viscosity suited to the material and to the position (vertical vs horizontal)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Surface preparation<\/strong>: remove loose rust, scale and non-adhering paint; rough surfaces may require lapping with fine abrasive paper<\/li>\n<li><strong>Constant pressure<\/strong> on the probe, without excess: too much pressure does not improve the signal and damages the probe<\/li>\n<li>At <strong>high temperatures<\/strong>: use dedicated high-temperature gels (silicone, glycerine, polyethylene glycol)<\/li>\n<li>On <strong>small curved surfaces<\/strong>: check that the probe is in full contact, otherwise change the probe radius<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategy 4: calibration and measurement parameters<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Calibration on identical material<\/strong>: whenever possible, always calibrate on a sample of the same material and the same batch as the part to be measured<\/li>\n<li><strong>Check the speed of sound<\/strong>: it can vary significantly between different cast iron castings or steel heats<\/li>\n<li><strong>Velocity Mode (VM)<\/strong>: on the CX4, CX8-DL and higher models it allows the real velocity to be determined on a part of known thickness<\/li>\n<li><strong>Damping<\/strong>: set to high values (on the CMX series: 50-1500 ohm selectable) to reduce ringing on noisy materials<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gate positioning<\/strong>: on flaw detectors, set the gates manually to exclude the initial grain noise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategy 5: signal validation with A-Scan<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On difficult materials it is <strong>always recommended to check the signal<\/strong> in A-Scan mode. The graphic interpretation reveals: <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Whether the back wall echo is really the one being measured or the instrument is triggering on grain noise<\/li>\n<li>Whether there are intermediate echoes from flaws, inclusions or delaminations<\/li>\n<li>Whether the signal-to-noise ratio is acceptable (at least 3:1)<\/li>\n<li>Whether the echo shape is clean or scattered (an indicator of heterogeneous grain)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Dakota instruments with A-Scan are the CMX1-DL, CMX2-DL, CMX3-DL, CMX10-DL, MX2-DL, PMX (the whole Precision series) and the FX series of flaw detectors.<\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For an assessment of your specific application and an on-site demonstration on difficult materials, <a href=\"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/contact\/\">contact our technical department<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cast irons, composites, thick plastics and coarse-grained alloys show attenuation and grain noise that make standard ultrasonic measurement difficult. A guide to the technical strategies for obtaining reliable results: instrument selection (PMX4-DL, CMX, FX), probe, couplant, calibration and A-Scan validation. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":157040980,"featured_media":7451,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[73],"tags":[94,95,96,97,74],"class_list":["post-7450","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ndt-technical-guides","tag-pect-mode-corrosion-measurement","tag-ultrasonic-aluminium-thickness-measurement","tag-ultrasonic-cast-iron-thickness-measurement","tag-ultrasonic-plastics-thickness-measurement","tag-ultrasonic-pulse-echo-measurement"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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