{"id":5050,"date":"2026-09-07T14:43:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/ndt-technologies-and-standards\/flaw-detection\/angle-beam-probes-and-shear-waves\/"},"modified":"2026-09-17T16:59:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T16:59:36","slug":"angle-beam-probes-and-shear-waves","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/ndt-technologies-and-standards\/flaw-detection\/angle-beam-probes-and-shear-waves\/","title":{"rendered":"Angle beam probes and shear waves"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:36%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"387\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_FX81_immagine_prodotto_in_applicazioni_reali-web-387x387-1.webp?resize=387%2C387&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Weld inspection with a Dakota NDT flaw detector\" class=\"wp-image-1037\" style=\"border-color:#000000;border-width:1px;border-radius:15px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_FX81_immagine_prodotto_in_applicazioni_reali-web-387x387-1.webp?w=387&amp;ssl=1 387w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_FX81_immagine_prodotto_in_applicazioni_reali-web-387x387-1.webp?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_FX81_immagine_prodotto_in_applicazioni_reali-web-387x387-1.webp?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:4%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:60%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-left-color:#225f78;border-left-width:6px;background-color:#ebf1f4;padding-top:24px;padding-right:28px;padding-bottom:24px;padding-left:28px\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#225f78;font-size:clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.408), 18px);font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:1.6\">The probe cannot rest on top of the bead, and a vertical beam would in any case miss cracks lying edge-on. The solution is to enter from the side, with an angled beam. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" style=\"list-style:none;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.6\">\n<li style=\"list-style:none\"><strong style=\"color:#225f78\">\u2713<\/strong> Angled wedge generating shear waves in the material<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"list-style:none\"><strong style=\"color:#225f78\">\u2713<\/strong> Access to the bead from the adjacent area, without resting on it<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"list-style:none\"><strong style=\"color:#225f78\">\u2713<\/strong> Typical angles of 45\u00b0, 60\u00b0 and 70\u00b0 depending on thickness and geometry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"list-style:none\"><strong style=\"color:#225f78\">\u2713<\/strong> Flaw orientation decisive for detectability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inspecting a weld bead presents two obstacles. The first is geometric: the surface of the bead is irregular and the probe does not rest on it reliably. The second is physical: cracks and lack of fusion develop mainly along the sidewalls of the joint, hence almost parallel to the direction of a vertical beam, which would graze them without producing a useful reflection.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The angle beam probe solves both. The transducer is mounted on an angled wedge that rests on the base metal, beside the bead; the pulse enters the material at an angle and, through refraction at the interface, propagates as a transverse wave, or shear wave, in an oblique direction. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light popmake-4066 popmake-739\" style=\"border-width:1px;min-height:250px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"250\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-727 size-full\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/banner_technical_support_choose_products.png?resize=1200%2C250&#038;ssl=1\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/banner_technical_support_choose_products.png?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/banner_technical_support_choose_products.png?resize=300%2C63&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/banner_technical_support_choose_products.png?resize=1024%2C213&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/banner_technical_support_choose_products.png?resize=768%2C160&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-30 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#d3d6dc\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-cover-is-layout-15701bb7 wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-ti-fg-color is-style-default has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:clamp(21.536px, 1.346rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.374), 35px);\"><strong>Need help choosing the right product?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-right is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-b507c051 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button popmake-4066 popmake-739\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ti-accent-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\">Contact us<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The beam thus generated reaches the bead from inside the material and meets the sidewall flaws at an angle favourable to reflection. Moving the probe forward and back explores different depths, also exploiting the path that reflects off the opposite surface before reaching the joint. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How the angle is chosen<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background-color:#225f78;color:#ffffff;padding:10px\">Factor<\/th><th style=\"background-color:#225f78;color:#ffffff;padding:10px\">How it affects the choice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Joint thickness<\/td><td>Determines which angle covers the entire section of the bead<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Joint geometry<\/td><td>Butt, corner or T joints require different access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Expected flaw orientation<\/td><td>The beam must meet them so as to generate a reflection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Space available beside the bead<\/td><td>Limits how far the probe can move back<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Applicable code<\/td><td>May prescribe angles and scanning techniques<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Probe, wedge and calibration<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:36%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/dakota_ndt-blocchetti_di_calibrazione-web-700x700-1.webp?resize=700%2C700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Reference blocks for calibrating angle beam probes\" class=\"wp-image-1583\" style=\"border-color:#000000;border-width:1px;border-radius:15px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/dakota_ndt-blocchetti_di_calibrazione-web-700x700-1.webp?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/dakota_ndt-blocchetti_di_calibrazione-web-700x700-1.webp?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/dakota_ndt-blocchetti_di_calibrazione-web-700x700-1.webp?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:4%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:60%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The refraction angle depends not only on the wedge but also on the material the wave enters: the same wedge produces different angles in different materials. This is why the actual angle and the beam exit point must be checked on a reference block before starting the inspection. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/ndt-technologies-and-standards\/flaw-detection\/dac-and-dgs-curves\/\">evaluation curves<\/a> are then built on the same calibration: changing the wedge means redoing the curve. This is why wedges and reference blocks travel together with the instrument. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Instruments and accessories<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background-color:#225f78;color:#ffffff;padding:10px\">Element<\/th><th style=\"background-color:#225f78;color:#ffffff;padding:10px\">Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/products\/flaw-detectors\/dakota-fx70-dl-portable-ultrasonic-flaw-detector\/\">Dakota FX70-DL<\/a><\/td><td>Field weld inspection with angle beam probes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/products\/flaw-detectors\/dakota-fx81-dl-benchtop-flaw-detector\/\">Dakota FX81-DL<\/a><\/td><td>Benchtop version for laboratory and workshop<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/products\/probes-and-accessories\/\">Probes and accessories<\/a><\/td><td>Transducers, wedges, cables and couplants<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/products\/probes-and-accessories\/calibration-blocks-for-ultrasonic-thickness-gauges\/\">Calibration blocks<\/a><\/td><td>Checking the actual angle and the beam exit point<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1757295001\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Why isn&#8217;t the probe placed directly on the bead?<\/strong><p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">For two reasons: the surface of the bead is irregular and does not guarantee reliable coupling, and a vertical beam would meet the sidewall flaws almost parallel, without producing a useful reflection.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1757295002\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Is the wedge angle the angle in the material?<\/strong><p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">No. The actual angle in the material depends on refraction at the interface and therefore also on the material itself: it must be checked on a reference block before the inspection. <\/p><\/div><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1757295003\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Does a single angle cover the whole joint?<\/strong><p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">It depends on thickness and geometry. The choice of angle, and the possible use of different angles, follow the applicable code and the configuration of the joint to be inspected. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Back to <a href=\"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/ndt-technologies-and-standards\/flaw-detection\/\">Flaw detection<\/a> or write to us from the <a href=\"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/contact\/\">Contacts<\/a> page.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further information and contacts <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.roder.it\">Systems division and sensor integration partner : www.roder.it<\/a><br\/><a href=\"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/chi-siamo\/\">More information about RODER SRL : about us<\/a><br\/>Contact for general information : <a href=\"mailto:info@roder.it\">info@roder.it<\/a><br\/>Contact for information about these products : <a href=\"mailto:info@roder.it\">info@roder.it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>The information contained on this web page is provided for information purposes only. Although it has been compiled with the utmost care, it does not constitute a contractual offer or a binding commitment to supply. It may contain transcription, translation or typographical errors. For precise and up-to-date information, please contact our company directly.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Some images on this website have been intentionally generated using Artificial Intelligence (AI). This is because, for many applications and projects, it is not possible to disclose photographs of the installation or of the actual system due to confidentiality agreements, confidentiality clauses and non-disclosure agreements (NDAs). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The probe cannot rest on top of the bead, and a vertical beam would in any case miss cracks lying edge-on. The solution is to enter from the side, with an angled beam. Inspecting a weld bead presents two obstacles. The first is geometric: the surface of the bead is irregular and the probe does [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":157040980,"featured_media":5051,"parent":4485,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"angle beam probes shear wave welds","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Angle beam probes and shear waves | Dakota NDT","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Why a weld bead is inspected with an angled beam: angled wedges, shear waves and half-skip scanning. 45\u00b0, 60\u00b0 and 70\u00b0 wedges.","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_about_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_gallery_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_contact_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_events_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_video_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_portfolio_piece":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5050","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Angle beam probes and shear waves | Dakota NDT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Why a weld bead is inspected with an angled beam: angled wedges, shear waves and half-skip scanning. 45\u00b0, 60\u00b0 and 70\u00b0 wedges.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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For inspecting welds, forgings and composites to AWS, EN ISO and ASME.","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"Banner presenting transducers for flaw detectors: shear wave probes, single element probes and angle wedges","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/dakota_ndt-trasduttori_flaw-single_element-banner_single_element_2_2-web-387x387-1.webp?fit=387%2C387&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":5481,"url":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/applications\/mechanical-engineering-and-steelwork\/ultrasonic-inspection-of-welds\/","url_meta":{"origin":5050,"position":4},"title":"Ultrasonic inspection of welds","author":"GSM","date":"7 September 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"A flaw in a weld bead sits inside the material and does not reduce the thickness. 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In flaw detection all the others count: those returning from something that should not be inside the material. \u2713 A-Scan to interpret the echo, B-Scan to see its profile \u2713 DAC and DGS curves to evaluate the amplitude against a\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"Dakota NDT FX70 Flaw Detector Powerful for ultrasonic flaw and crack measurement","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_FX70-Flaw-Detector-Powerful_per_misure_di_difetti_e_cricche-web-1200x1200-1.webp?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_FX70-Flaw-Detector-Powerful_per_misure_di_difetti_e_cricche-web-1200x1200-1.webp?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_FX70-Flaw-Detector-Powerful_per_misure_di_difetti_e_cricche-web-1200x1200-1.webp?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_FX70-Flaw-Detector-Powerful_per_misure_di_difetti_e_cricche-web-1200x1200-1.webp?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ultrasuonindt.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/dakota_ndt-strumenti_di_misura_ad_ultrasuoni-strumento_FX70-Flaw-Detector-Powerful_per_misure_di_difetti_e_cricche-web-1200x1200-1.webp?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5050","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/157040980"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5050"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5050\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6165,"href":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5050\/revisions\/6165"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4485"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ultrasuonindt.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5050"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}